How not to use generative AI

The other day, I couldn’t find some information I needed on the PayPal site, so I engaged with their generative AI chatbot. Before I could type anything, it launched in with this comment:

Hi Kiri!
I’m your PayPal Assistant and always here to help. I’m still in beta testing, so talking to you helps me learn.
I noticed that your recent transaction for 23.64 USD was declined. Can I help you get more information?

I replied “yes” and it gave me a generic link to reasons why a transaction could be declined. It refused to give me any information about the transaction it referred to.

I couldn’t find any such transaction in my account history. I therefore had to call a human on their customer service line to ask. Sure enough, they confirmed there was no such transaction. The chatbot simply made it up.

If I ran PayPal, I’d be terribly embarrassed – no one needs a financial service that generates red herrings like this – and I would turn the thing off until I could test and fix it. Given that this happened to me before I typed anything to the chatbot, you can bet it’s happening to others. If they were hoping the chatbot would save them on human salaries, all it did was create extra work for me and their customer service representative, who could have been helping solve a real problem, not one fabricated by their own chatbot.

I asked if there was somewhere to send the screenshot so they could troubleshoot it. I was told to email it to service@paypal.com . I got an auto-reply that said “Thanks for contacting PayPal. We’re sorry to inform you that this email address is no longer active.” Instead, it directed me to their help pages and to click “Message Us” which… you guessed it… opens a new dialog with the same chatbot.

This careless use of generative AI technology is a growing problem everywhere. A generative AI system is designed to _generate_ (i.e., make up) things. It employs randomness and abstraction to avoid simple regurgitation. This makes it great for writing poetry or brainstorming. But this means it is not (on its own) capable of looking up facts. It is quite clearly not the tool to use to describe, manage, or address financial services. Would you use a roulette wheel to balance your checkbook?

PayPal is exhibiting several problems here, all of which are correctable:
1. Lack of knowledge about AI technology strengths and limitations
2. Decision to deploy the AI technology despite not understanding it
3. Lack of testing of their AI product
4. No mechanism to receive reports of errors, limiting the ability to detect and correct problems

I hope to see future improvement. For now, this is a good cautionary tale for everyone rushing to integrate AI everywhere.

How to lease a car (and win)

I took a little break after my failed attempt to lease a Leaf and then started looking around at other options. If an electric car wasn’t going to work for me, how about a plug-in hybrid? They’re like hybrids, but cooler: you plug the car in at night and get some initial pure-electric range that costs you zero gas.

I considered the Plug-in Prius, the Ford C-Max Energi, and the Chevy Volt. Their respective pure-electric ranges are 11, 17, and 37 miles. The Volt has the largest range, but it also costs about $6k more than the Energi, which is about $6k more than the Prius. I also had an abysmal experience when I returned to the Chevy dealership to discuss Volt numbers, although that isn’t the car’s fault.

After much consideration, I settled on the Energi. And the negotiations began.

The dealer’s first offer was to write down, on a piece of paper, the MSRP ($36,155) and then immediately subtract off $6500 in incentives. He then wrote $29,655 and wrote “Wow!” next to it. This threw me. I’d come in with data from TrueCar and was ready to haggle at least down near the average price for recent sales of this vehicle… which was about $31,000. What he was offering was lower, so there was nothing for me to do.

Ever get that feeling that you must be missing something, when it’s just a little too easy?

We therefore moved on to discussing other elements of the potential lease agreement. I asked for the residual value (estimated as 52% of MSRP, which I noted was a higher fraction than the Leaf’s 49%; maybe they expect the Energi to retain its value a bit better?). I asked for the money factor, which he punted on to give me an APR instead (3%, which translates to a money factor of 0.00125). I somewhat arbitrarily decided to pay $2000 down on a 36-month lease, which put me at $420/month. I went home to think it over.

$420/mo
The next day, I googled for any other Ford incentives for which I might qualify and found two:

  • A Conquest incentive, which is where Ford will give you $1000 off if you currently are a non-Ford car owner or lessee. The name is rather distasteful (they didn’t conquer me; I made a rational decision!) but hey, it’s $1000.
  • A student incentive, which gives $500 to current students. Hey! My perpetual student status pays off!

I went back in and asked for these incentives. And got them.

$373/mo
They didn’t have the color I wanted on the lot, but they said they could trade it and have it ready by the next day. So I went home to think about it again.

At home, I suddenly realized my tactical mistake. Because the first numbers we discussed had the incentives attached, we’d never actually negotiated the price. This is a mistake.

BOTTOM LINE: If you plan to accept a manufacturer’s rebate, don’t let the dealer add that during the negotiation. A rebate is your money from the manufacturer (not the dealer) and is deducted once the price of the vehicle has been agreed upon.

So I went back to TrueCar, and this time dug in to find out how to select my option package and deselect all of the incentives, so I could do an apples-to-apples comparison. I was a little apprehensive going back intending to negotiate more. We’d practically shaken our hands on the deal already. But nothing was signed, so it was still up for grabs.

The next day, the dealer called to say the car was ready — freshly washed, freshly charged, and with a full tank of gas.

Me: “That’s fantastic! I’ll be in this evening. And by the way — everything happened so fast yesterday that I realized we skipped an important step! We never negotiated the price.”
Him: “… Oh. Okay.”

So I went in with my TrueCar data, which pointed to an average sales price for this car with these options of $34,455, or $1700 less than what we’d discussed the day before. And I said, “I want that price.”

Him: “But that’s only $20 above invoice!” [True.] “That won’t even cover the tank of gas I put in for you.”
Me: “That’s what I want.”
Him: “How about $34,743?” [This seemingly random number came from the same TrueCar printout, which included a price they claimed they could get for you at a dealership that was signed on with TrueCar, which this one wasn’t.]

A weird feeling came over me. I REALLY REALLY wanted to say yes. This guy was super nice, he’d just knocked $1412 off the price, and how much of a jerk did I want to be?

Why did I feel like I was being a jerk?

With a supreme effort of will, I forced myself to say, “No.” And we sat there in silence for what felt like 3 million years. Finally I said, “How about halfway between, at $34,600?”

Him: “Would you feel 100% satisfied by that? And would you give me an Excellent rating in the survey?”
Me: “You care about that?”
Him: “Absolutely!”
Me: “Okay. Yes, I’d be satisfied.”
Him: “Done!”
$299/mo

The rest of the process went smooth as silk. The salesperson showed me the controls on the new car until the finance person was ready, and I then signed a bunch of papers.

The Ford staff, especially the sales manager, were great. None of them pressured me at all, and the sales manager patiently went over every single number until I was satisfied. That gave me a lot of confidence in the deal. (This was not true of other salespeople I interacted with at other dealerships. The Chevy dealership was the WORST.) Likely I could have haggled harder for this car, but I came away feeling that I got a good deal, and I didn’t have to go all nasty to get it. That made me feel good about myself, too!

Other lessons learned:

  • When leasing (at least in California), you only pay tax (use tax, not sales tax) on the amount of your lease payments, plus your down payment, plus any incentives for which the dealer is being reimbursed (e.g., by the manufacturer). The exception is for incentives paid by the federal government (like federal tax rebate for PHEVs) (not taxed) or cash rebates that the dealer is not reimbursed for (not taxed). I had to finally call the CA Board of Equalization to get a clear interpretation of this, because I couldn’t find an authoritative discussion of it online, and (to my chagrin) I found regulation 1660 extremely difficult to interpret myself.
  • You can look up the DMV registration fee yourself to confirm that you’re being charged the correct amount.
  • Plug-in electric hybrid vehicles qualify for a California rebate of $1500. Not the $2500 that pure electric vehicles get, but not bad!
  • They also qualify for California carpool lane access stickers. Still waiting for mine!

How to fail to lease a car (in practice)

In July, I did a couple of test drives with the Leaf and other electric vehicles. In early August, I settled on the Leaf as my car of choice. Not one to be rushed into a purchase before doing my research, I passed up the last day of the August window for getting a free home charging station, figuring I would come back in September if I really wanted that car.

This may have been a mistake. (Or maybe not.)

That same day (August 10), I began negotiations with Rudy, my salesperson from Nissan Duarte, for a lease price. We dickered the price a little by email, and then we agreed that he’d contact me again on September 1 with updated prices “in case anything changes.” I would then be poised to swoop in on September 3, the first day that the free charging stations would be available that month, and drive away in my Leaf.

In the meantime, I called two other local dealerships and compared prices; they were all about the same. I also belatedly realized that the $2500 CA electric vehicle rebate was rapidly exhausting its funds. Would they last until September?

Late in the month, I did a bunch of research on leases so as to be a savvy consumer and learned that the prices I’d gotten were much inflated. But now I was equipped to really negotiate.

Monday
On September 1, I failed to receive updated numbers from Rudy. So I called him on Monday, September 2. I negotiated the price down. I was excited. This was working!

“You have a car for me?” I asked.

“Oh yes,” he said. “No problem.”

“In the color I want? Blue?” I realized he’d never asked me what color.

“Yes, we’ll have it. When do you want to make your appointment for?”

Tuesday
On September 3, I woke up all psyched to be getting a new car at my 7 p.m. appointment. All was going well until 2 p.m., when I received this email from Rudy:

Hi i know your at work so i did not want to call with this important information.
I am very sorry but the sv leaf that you we were out to get has been sold by the dealership. Is there a second color option?

I called him immediately. He confirmed: they had SOLD THE CAR I HAD AN APPOINTMENT TO LEASE that day.

“It’s first-come, first-served, you know?”

No, I did not want another color. I wanted the car I’d spec’d out. I asked him to see if other dealerships in the area had it. His answer: No. There was not a single Leaf SV in blue with premium package to be had in the Los Angeles area.

I couldn’t believe it. I hung up and started calling. I called 6 dealerships in an ever-widening circle, despite knowing they must be checking the same inventory database. No. No one had that car. I was stunned. THEY SOLD MY CAR!

A couple of hours later, I get a call from Nissan Alhambra. Miguel tells me that they don’t have the car, but will be getting one that night or maybe the next morning. I quote the amount I’d negotiated with Rudy, and Miguel sputters and says that it’s way too low. So I try to call Rudy back and see if he can get that car transferred to his dealership. Rudy is “with a client” so I instead get Matt, who says, “Oh yeah, I’m the one who sold your Leaf.” Thanks, Matt.

Matt claims that Alhambra may be lying about their inventory, as he looked “30 days out” and no one is getting that particular car. I can’t figure out why he doesn’t contact them himself to find out. We go in circles until I finally say, “So, what I’m hearing is, you’re not willing to CALL Alhambra and get this car from them, if it does exist. So basically, you don’t want my business.” Matt then helpfully adds that they actually DO have the blue Leaf that I want, because someone bought it two weeks ago and just traded it in for a Sentra. But they can’t lease it to me because they can only lease new cars, not two-week-old cars.

I give up on Duarte and call Alhambra back to begin negotiating. I get Emmett, a manager. At first he tries to say something about MSRP, but I’m not having any of that and after some arm-twisting, he seems to switch out of salesperson mode and become this completely reasonable, straight-talking guy who’s a pleasure to work with. We end up at a number for the car that’s actually $500 cheaper than the price Rudy and I had reached. Unlike Rudy, he glibly itemizes the “non-tax fees” so I know exactly what’s included. Emmett tells me that Danny will call me back the next day as soon as the car comes in.

Wednesday
I hear nothing from Danny, so I call the dealership at 6 p.m. Turns out that Danny wasn’t working that day. I ask for Emmett. He’s “with a client.” I get Omar, who transfers me to Thomas, an “inventory manager,” which sounds promising. Thomas says, “We have your car! Only it’s got the charcoal interior, not the light gray. Let me do another search and call you back.” He doesn’t. I call back at 6:30. Thomas says he found a blue Leaf with gray interior but needs to consult with Emmett to make sure the MSRP matches what we’d negotiated, and he’ll call me back in 5-10 minutes.

At 7 p.m., I call Thomas back. He ruefully reports that he “made a mistake” and there is no blue/gray Leaf. But they absolutely positively will have one by 10 a.m. the next morning (“just as you’re waking up!” he adds bizarrely), and that Emmett will call me.

Thursday
I don’t get any calls so I call Emmett at 11 a.m. He’s not in the office that day but takes my call on his cell. They don’t have the Leaf I want (model SV) and in fact the blue/charcoal one Thomas mentioned to me was actually a model S. Emmett hands me off to Ron, another manager, who is in the office that day. Ron turns out to also be a very reasonable, straight guy. The bad news from Ron: There is no blue Leaf SV to be found. The nearest one is in Seattle. No one is getting one for at least the next 30 days, which means the CA rebate would undoubtedly be exhausted. Would I consider another color?

At this point I was so exhausted that I contemplated it. Silver. Would I be okay with silver? I detested the idea of pursuing a stupid quixotic quest that turned so pointedly on something as inane as the color of the vehicle. Did I really need blue? But if I got silver, would I regret it for the 36 months of the lease? Ron and I briefly discuss whether I can have the car PAINTED. Turns out, no: or at least, not without paying a fine at the end of the lease for modifying a car I don’t own.

And then a weird thing happened. See, the nearest silver Leaf SV + premium package was 55 miles away, barely within the Leaf’s range. And that one, too, had the charcoal interior, not a desirable attribute in southern CA. There was also a silver SV with the light gray interior, but it was 110 miles away, definitely not in the Leaf’s range. Yes, they could have it shipped. Shipped! It hit me like a bizarre reality check. I’d talked myself into how I could make a Leaf work, since most of my driving does fall within the vehicle’s 75-mile radius. I think. But seeing how hard it was just to get the car within reach made me rethink that. I’ve been saying all along that I wanted the Leaf even though it wasn’t really the “practical” choice… and now, did I really want to bend over backwards to get a car that wasn’t really a practical car?

No.

I didn’t.

So I said, “No, thanks,” along with a “but you’ve been so great through all of this that I *wish* I were buying a car from you,” to which Ron laughed.

And I hung up the phone.

How to lease a car (in theory)

After researching and test-driving a number of electric and hybrid cars, I settled on the Nissan Leaf as my car of choice. Because electric car technology is still changing so much each year, and given the current battery range limitations (the Tesla Model S excepted) as well as the hefty incentives currently available, I determined that a car lease would be a better option for me than buying.

Benefits of buying a Leaf:

  • $7500 federal rebate
  • $2500 CA state rebate
  • Carpool use permission
  • Free home charging station ($1000 value)
  • Zero gas to buy (~$90/month for me)

Drawback (and yes, this is a biggie): 75 mile range.

At any rate, once I settled on the Leaf, I did some research to find out how to negotiate a lease, which was a new experience for me. I found some great advice on lease negotiation as well as how to find out empirical data on what people are actually paying for your car model in your area. (I ended up not needing to use this data, because the offer I got was sufficiently attractive already.)

Most educational (and confidence-building) for me was this information on how to calculate the monthly payment on a lease. It turns out that there is a standard formula, and it isn’t even complicated. You need to ask the dealer for some additional numbers, then plug them in. If your number and their offered number differ, insist that they justify the difference.

In the process of this calculation, you also learn the (effective, average) interest rate that you’re paying, even though the car is not “financed.” For me that was 4.272%.

I also valued the advice to focus on the total car cost first, even though you are not purchasing the vehicle. The monthly payment is directly determined by the car cost that you negotiate, and it is much easier to understand the car cost than a monthly payment figure, in which small monthly differences balloon into BIG total cost differences. ($40/month for 36 months = $1440.)

Armed with this information, I set out to do battle. The salesperson initially quoted me a monthly payment of $335 for the car I wanted: the Leaf model SV with the “premium” package and NO OTHER OPTIONS. I found that you have to re-state NO OTHER OPTIONS frequently and with volume. I wanted the premium package because it includes a back-up camera. It also comes with three more cameras for full surround vision and a Bose stereo system, none of which I needed. Hooray for option packaging. This number also included a $309 “marketing assessment fee” which I indicated that I did not want to pay. $335/mo
I then had to wait out the rest of the month so that I could time my purchase to get a free home charging station from Aerovironment. When I made contact again, the salesperson was offering a lower car cost ($1296 lower — and actually $1000 below invoice) with everything I wanted and without the marketing fee, for the suddenly lower and more attractive price of $299/month. I didn’t even need to use the average car sales data because the car cost was already lower than the empirical average.

That seemed a little weird (too good to be true?), so I went to work with the calculations. Using the numbers I’d been given and my math, the monthly payment worked out instead to $222/month. Wow! Where was the extra $77 coming from?

$299/mo
When I asked how he’d arrived at $299, the salesperson sent me a high-level list of costs along with a monthly payment that was mysteriously suddenly lower ($270), though still higher than expected. Where was the extra $48 coming from?

A variety of things:

  • VIN etching: $350. Some research indicates that this can increase the chance of recovery of a stolen car (it etches the VIN into the window glass, making it harder to disguise the car), but you get it for free in some locations or do it yourself with a home kit that costs $20-25. No thank you to this charge.
  • Documentation fee: $80.00
  • Non-tax fees: $921.75. Presumably this includes car registration and licensing. I looked up the cost for these items at the CA DMV website: $282. Plus, why would I (effectively) finance this charge? I decided to fold it in to my down payment instead.
$270/mo
My car insurance, of course, would go up to cover the new car. And a slight wrinkle: due to the range limitation, I would need to keep (and therefore maintain, license – $6/month, and insure – $31/month) my old car. However, that ’99 Nissan Sentra XE has a trade-in value of only $1400, so it wouldn’t have saved me much on the Leaf cost. My insurance cost (to cover both cars) would go up by $69/month, which is offset by the gas savings.

When all was said and done, I expected to pay ~$2500 to drive away in a car that was effectively free for 6 months, and then ~$230/month for the next 2.5 years. Not bad at all!

$230/mo

But that’s not what happened.

I learned that all the research in the world can’t help you if the car doesn’t exist.

Clean cars, tasty treats… to help us explore Mars

The new NASA budget isn’t looking good, and Planetary Science in particular is taking a ***20%*** cut, most of which cuts Mars funding!

In a move that’s equal parts desperation and brilliance, the community is rallying to put on a nationwide Planetary Exploration Car Wash & Bake Sale on June 9. Each local organizer will send a check with the proceeds to Congress, requesting them to apply it to increase the planetary science budget.

If your car doesn’t need washing or you’re watching your waistline, check out this AAS site for information on how to contact congressfolk and a list of useful “talking points.” If you care about the future of planetary exploration, make your voice heard!

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