Class Summary 10/3: Babbage

Class began with Dr. Wagstaff telling us a bit more about herself. She grew up in a small town near Moab, Utah. Her undergraduate degree was in computer science at University of Utah; she followed that up with a graduate degree in computer science with a minor in Mars from Cornell University, and then worked in algorithm development for space programs at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab and finally JPL.

Dr. Wagstaff then directed us to the two following puzzles:
2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?? = 42 = x^2+x
-3, 0, 15, 48, 105, ?? = 192 = x^3-4x

The easiest method to solve these puzzles was the one employed by Babbage’s Difference Engine No. 2: the first puzzle had a constant difference of differences (2) between each number, and the second puzzle had a constant difference of difference of differences (6). Each of these corresponded to a polynomial equation of the kind that the Difference Engine could solve. A crucial point was that in Babbage’s day, it was essential to have accurate tables of polynomials, logarithms and trigonometric functions for all kinds of calculations theoretical and practical, navigation, et cetera. This was the reason for Babbage including printing on paper and printing of plaster molds in his machine – so that the tables would never need to be copied by a human, and thus would remain reliable.

Another effect of Babbage’s desire for reliability was his demand for high quality machined parts. We discussed his disagreements with his engineer, Joseph Clement, and how most of the British government’s grant money likely ended up in the engineer’s pockets. Also mentioned was Babbage’s inability to be diplomatic, as related even in his autobiography – his funding dried up as he could not convince government officials such as the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the important of his machines. A side note to this was that a Swedish engineer, Per Georg Schultz, created a derivative Difference Engine for several governments – Sweden, England and eventually the United States. His engine was delivered over-budget but on time.

Babbage’s Difference Engine No. 2 was not fully completed until recently. We saw a video that detailed the course of his endeavors, from the first difference engine, and the analytical engine, to the complete and improved plans for the second difference engine. Most interestingly, this video featured many shots of the replica Difference Engine No. 2 in action.

Babbage’s Analytical Engine, however, has never been fully realized. The same video showed the ‘mill’ of the Analytical Engine, which Babbage’s son eventually completed. The mill was to be the area in which computations were done, as opposed to the ‘store’ of memory.

photo credit: http://www.zdnet.co.uk/i/z5/illo/nw/story_graphics/11mar/science-museum/science-museum-babbage.jpg

The Analytical Engine also incorporated three kinds of punched cards – operations, numbers, and variables (which were essentially addresses). This engine has never been completed, but a group at http://plan28.org/ is taking the first steps towards building it.

Class ended with a question to ponder: was Charles Babbage a success or a failure?

There and back again

When I was eight, my grandfather got a new iMac 3g, the Bondi Blue, complete with hockey-puck mouse and the wonderful game Lemmings. Whenever I visited I would play the game and learn how to use the computer. Soon after, my father got a PC for my two brothers and I to share. Learning both operating systems simultaneously, I remember finding Windows easier and more intuitive than the Macintosh (no longer the case). On our PC, we brothers would play games like Diablo, Myst, and Doom. As the youngest, I usually watched, but sometimes got the special job of managing the potions or spell book during tough fights. I continued to be an avid gamer, and kept learning and loving computers.

When first trying to figure out the internet, I remember hearing the AOL voice say, “You’ve got mail!”. Amazed by the computer’s knowledge, I went out to check the mailbox. There was no mail, and I never trusted AOL again.

I eventually did learn about email though, a few years later, with my first Hotmail account. I was twelve, so I really didn’t care about my inbox or messages. But my account gave me access to all sorts of great free games on MSN. My favorite was online chess. Chess was already my favorite game, and being able to play it online with thousands of real people was incredible. I could practice more effectively and play all the time! With my computer to help me train, I went on to win several local chess tournaments and even compete in the nationals. Over the years I lost my ability to run a strong Queen’s Gambit, but my love and skill for computers only grew, and continued to help me.

Throughout elementary and middle school, I felt that my computer-savvyness gave me a big advantage. I could do better research online, type papers instead of write them, and solve the problems of my tech-foreign teachers. I learned how to use computers to make art, get news, and type to friends in real time. I even figured out a way to use the internet to get free music! It was the beginning of a beautiful friendship.

In High school I got Adobe CS3, and began doing animation in Flash, web design with Dreamweaver, and art in Photoshop. As a filmmaker, I also used Adobe’s Premiere Pro and After Effects. I used computers for everything and knew a lot about them.  But it wasn’t until OSU that I learned how to program. A civil engineering major at first, I decided to take a computer science class; I changed my major to CS a few weeks later. I loved it immediately, and had no doubt that it was the field for me. That was two years ago. It’s going great, and I have a couple more years to go. One thing I find myself always learning is that I hardly know anything. I went from a sophisticated computer user to an amateur computer scientist. I’m constantly amazed by the enormity and evolution of the discipline, and admittedly daunted by the fact that it is growing much faster than I can hope to learn it! But I will keep trying, and keep looking forward to what I will be able to do with computers in the future.

Speeding through the series of tubes

My Personal Computing History

The first time I ever used a computer was in first grade, sitting in the back of our classroom at the row of then-new, now-ancient Apple Macintoshes. While most of my classmates seemed enthralled by video games, I was already looking for more “productive” uses. My aunt was one of the few people my family knew with a computer and “The Internet”, so I would send her emails from the school computer. I was fascinated by the ability to send messages such long distances so quickly. I still hadn’t quite grasped the concept of The Web, but was already learning to value electronic communication.

Macintosh PowerPC

The first computers I used were PowerPCs like this one

We got our first computer when I was in about second grade. I went with my dad to browse the options at a local store. Nowadays I make all of the technology decisions in the house, but at that point I was just tagging along for fun. We ended up with a Compaq beige box, loaded with Windows 98 and Microsoft Works. With 32 MB of RAM, a 5 GB hard drive, and a 360 MHz processor, it wasn’t anything to write home about, but was enough to write emails. I didn’t really use the computer much at all for the first few years. My dad cajoled me into learning to type with JumpStart Typing for Kids, the first video game (of sorts) that I ever played. I thought it was incredibly lame, and quickly figured out that you didn’t have to type accurately to win the “free-form typing mode” challenges which let you level-up, you just had to type fast. By holding down the a key long enough, I could win every level. While the game didn’t really serve its intended purpose, I suppose it still provoked me to use some creative thinking skills.

The home screen for the JumpStart Typing game

When I got to middle school, I started to develop a real interest in computers. I quickly became the go-to person for fixing problems, and got my first taste of programming with a lego robotics class. We got our first good computer when my grandparents bought us a Dell Dimension for Christmas. Over the years I’ve upgraded it several times, but it’s still humming along as our primary home computer, and runs Windows 7 smoothly on its Pentium 4 HT. In high school, I finally got my own laptop. With my new-found freedom and the seemingly undefeatable speed of a dual-core processor and a whole gigabyte of RAM!!!, I took off exploring how to put my shiny new machine to use. Today, my desktop computer has a whopping 24 GB of RAM, four times as much as our first computer’s hard drive space, and can chew through anything I throw at it. One has to wonder where it will end. If I have kids some day, what will their first computer look like? Will it be a small device with nearly infinite resources? Or will everyone be using tablets with less physical capacity, and everything running remotely from the cloud?

The impacts of computers on Me aren’t just about Me

Wikipedia LogoOne of the biggest ways that computers and the internet in particular have influenced me is with the ability to collaborate with, meet, and learn from other people. I had my first experience with online forums while trying to figure out how to modify the login screen on my laptop. After getting my question figured out, I ended up sticking around and learning more about computers than I had anywhere else previously. I spent some time editing on Wikipedia, before getting tired of the intense bureaucracy there. Super UserThe site I’ve been the most involved with is the Stack Exchange network. Founded as the programming site Stack Overflow, it’s now grown to encompass everything from English Language to Gardening. Stack Exchange is a Q&A platform, and addresses many of the shortcomings of traditional computer forums. I’m most involved on the computers site in the network, Super User. The system runs on a slightly addictive incentives system with “reputation points” (I’m wont to admit that I’ve got over 12000 of them now). Unlike other sites though, the points mean something – increased reputation unlocks various privileges, which allows for community moderation, from editing to closing posts to even deleting questions. Profile for nhinkle on Super UserMost moderation is done by regular users, although there are a handful of community moderators. In another unique twist, moderators are elected by a democratic voting system, not appointed by site admins. I was elected to be a moderator this spring, and am still actively involved on the site. In an increasingly interconnected world, it’s important to recognize the worldviews, lifestyles, and perspectives of people from other cultures. I talk with a programmer in the Netherlands. I read essays from students researching biodiesel in Brazil. I’ve made friends with a deaf diabetic from the midwest. The internet was founded on the basis of spreading knowledge and connecting the world, and I feel privileged to have taken a part in that experience.

Elf Bowling and SimCity 2000: My History of Computing

My family’s first computer was a Dell that ran Windows 95. This computer was given to us by my uncle, who is a computer programmer. The computer was several years old by that point, and he was already using a newer model. My uncle lived several hundred miles away at the time, so the computer was shipped to us. I was five years old at the time, and I couldn’t wait to get the box opened. Until that point, my only experience with computers had been at the public library. At the library there were several computers in the children’s section, and I had seen other kids playing games like Reader Rabbit on them. However, my mom had always forbade me from playing on the computers. It was her belief that the library was for reading books, not playing games.

Once my dad got the computer set up and showed me how it worked, I began trying out the many programs that had been installed on it. Luckily for me, my uncle had a daughter a few years older than me, so there were already several games installed on the computer. My favorite game quickly became Elf Bowling, a relatively simple game in which the player was Santa Claus and the bowling pins were elves. Even though it was a simple game, my mom only let me play on the computer for a few minutes each day, so it never got old. After having the computer for a couple years, I discovered a game called SimCity 2000 which quickly replaced Elf Bowling as my favorite game. It was a city building simulation game, the point of which was to improve a city by building roads and zoning land. However, I mostly just tried to destroy cities by doing things like setting them on fire, which was a lot of fun.

Computers have been influencing me ever since my days of playing games on Windows 95. When I was a freshman in high school, I joined my schools robotics team. I was on the mechanical team, and I enjoyed designing and building parts of the robot. I especially enjoyed working on the drive train of the robot. The first year I was on the team, we did all of our design on paper and made all of the parts manually. While this worked fine for most of the robot, there were certain parts that required a higher degree of accuracy to function well. One of these was the drive train of the robot. It was extremely difficult and frustrating trying to get the chain, sprockets, and wheels to all line up because some of the holes we had drilled were not in the exact position that they should have been.

My second year on the team, we started designing some of the robot on the computer program SolidWorks, a 3D CAD program. We were then able to send our designs to a CNC machine, which is basically a computerized milling machine. This allowed us to create very precise pieces which made working on the drive train much more enjoyable. Our robot also performed much better in the competition than it had the previous year. This experience of designing parts on CAD and having them machined very precisely by a CNC Machine is one of the main reasons I chose to study Mechanical Engineering at Oregon State. SolidWorks is the CAD program used at Oregon State, and I am looking forward to using it and other CAD programs at OSU and after I graduate.

Pictures:

Elf Bowling: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elfbowling.png

SimCity 2000: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sc2kscr.png

SolidWorks: http://www.sycode.com/products/3dm_import_sw/images/3dm_import_sw.gif

Computers can be hacked and so should life

I hardly remember which one of today’s most renowned PC makers I bought my first computer from in 2001. It actually was a no-brand-name computer assembled by a computer-geek friend of my parents. Until now, it still seems to me that the most impressive features I got on the computer were that it had a Pentium 3 processor, a 20GB memory hard drive, and a strong video card that later introduced me to the amazing world of technology.

Most of my time on the computer from 2001 to 2003 I spent on scrambling through freeware such as wallpaper switcher/managers, live screensavers, music downloader, and other software that claimed to boost my PC’s performance. I suspect that all the constant installing and then removing software could hurt my computer, so I was rather surprised that my PC survived me for 8 years after much damage.

I had never played many computer games until mid 2004 when a friend of mine introduced me to The Sims 1. Since then it became my favorite game. The Sims is a simulation game that replicates the American daily suburban life in which players can manipulate their characters (called Sims) through various actions such as eating, going to the bathroom, sleeping, dating, etc. I find many American social norms and lifestyles represented in the game, thus as I naturally learned to navigate through my characters’ behaviors, I also learned to adapt the American ways (culturally, aesthetically, architecturally). In addition, the language used in the game further familiarized me with a more sophisticated level of English. That helped me avoid almost all of the cultural shocks when I first came to theU.S.for college.

While traditional education in Asian countries doesn’t emphasize recreation in the learning process, I reckon that playing The Sims had one of the most important influences in determining my personal growth. It allowed me to experience different ways of living and behaving, and it reflected my true nature as I realized that many Sims I created shared the same characteristics or did the same activities (yes, mostly nerdy things). Many rewards or achievements in the game required very tedious and diligent playing, which actually could be attained by genuine tricks, hacks and cheats. Such trivial and common activity (hacking) in working with computers suddenly brought me to a new understanding: certain real life goals could also be reached by knowing the shortcuts and getting creative with the procedures of doing them. It is not unethical to always try to hack a task, or find a shortcut. It is what I call Optimization, which is the core concept in Economics of how to survive in such a world scarce of resources. There is no accident I am an Economics major.

As The Sims evolved, it became more close-to-real-life than previous versions. Of course, the realistic aspects (mundane yet practically time-consuming such as doing laundry, going to get groceries, maintaining friendships/relationships, etc) are carefully selected due to the limitations of visual rendering. Nevertheless, I continuously learn about my life through the game. If I hadn’t played The Sims, I would have had a very hard time shaping my critical thinking skills or taking the concept of optimization to heart. I would not even be here, which is a prestigious position compared to where I came from. On a personal and cultural level, I would have had a tougher time trying to fit in, making friends and understanding life here. After all, isolated as most computer users have always been, I was indeed connected to a larger society through a virtual life game. And I think my time consumed in playing this singular was extremely well worth.

More on The Sims:

A snapshot from The Sims 1 base game

Graphic and activities were not the best, but it was at the frontier of simulation games at the time and thus, caused much addiction and thirst for exploration.

 

The Sims 2: University Life

The graphic has gotten much better and the game story is more developed. This snapshot of a student zombie who pulled an all-nighter was taken from the University Life expansion pack. Each base game has many expansion packs with new additional objects, architecture designs, and functions. Today The Sims has published 3 base games; the latest version is The Sims 3.

 

The Sims 3: picnic scene

The graphic is astoundingly realistic with beautiful building tools for both architecture and landscape. I also learned interior designs and construction in the game.

 


1997 Comqaq Computer, Chips Challenge, and My Computing History

My first computer was my grandparent’s 1997 Compaq computer. At home, we didn’t have a computer until later in my childhood, so I would enjoy going over to my grandparent’s house and playing on theirs. I used to sit on my grandma’s lap and play on the computer. It had less than a GB of memory on it. My grandparents enjoy telling the story of when they bought it. The salesman told them that there was more memory on the machine than they would ever use in their lifetime. Such an underestimate of the growth of technology! The computer had Windows 1995, and I found it really sad when Windows XP came out, since none of my old games were compatible with it.

My favorite game to play was Chip’s Challenge. I played it through the majority of my childhood, coming back to it periodically. I never beat the game, but I got around half way through it. When my grandparents got another computer my grandma and I used to play Chip’s Challenge at the same time on separate computers.  Another favorite game of mine was The Oregon Trail. The computers at my grade school had it installed on them and I used to get to school early so that I could play it. I would name people after my friends or people who I didn’t like (and then subsequently ford many rivers).

Computing technology had a large role in staying with my major, Nuclear Engineering. During my sophomore year of college, I took a radiation detection class. In this class, we learned about different technology that can detect radiation. A detector basically works using knowledge of principal radiation interactions with matter to measure this radiation, through a pulse of current through a wire. The characteristics of this current pulse are used to tell different information about the incoming radiation.

During the class, we learned about the different electronics in the detector and how the data is interpreted to come up with an output. We had a lab in which we actually worked with detectors. In the lab, we used more complicated detectors, which were hooked up to a NIM-BIN that holds the multi-channel analyzer, signal splitter, amplifier, etc. I found how detectors worked and how radiation was measured fascinating. It encouraged me to stay in Nuclear Engineering and shaped what I want to work on later in life.

Image Locations (in order of their appearance):

 

 

 

Class Summary 9/28: Looms and Engines

Today, Wednesday, Professor Wagstaff showed us how to use WordPress. The instructor showed us what the dashboard is and how to submit a new post. It is recommended that we save the draft regularly and preview it. Also, if we want to post a link, we can go to the preview and make sure that it works.

Next, we shared the pictures for our first assignment. It is optional to post the first assignment to the blog. Most peoples’ first memory with a computer was playing games rather than using it as a tool for calculation as it was meant for.

After that, we were shown some of the machines leading up to the computer including the Napier’s Rods and the Slide Rule. Napier’s Rods were first invented in 1617. It was made up of a bunch of rods that were lined up to make the number to multiply. Then the numbers in the parallelograms were added up to find the answer. The Slide Rule, created in 1654, was a combination of logarithms and the Napier’s Rods concepts. Next we learned about the Calculating Clock, invented by Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. It included a bunch of Napier’s Rods which were vertically placed and some other bars horizontally placed. In order to multiply, the top bar had to be twisted and the horizontal bars slid or if you wanted to add, then dials on the bottom of the machine were twisted. The clock was destroyed in a fire and “was lost to history until someone discovered Schickard’s notes.” The Pascaline was next, invented in 1642 and it was thought of as the first computer until Schickard’s notes were discovered later on. Lastly, we learned about the Stepped Reckoner, which was invented around 1673. It was a little more mechanized and worked better than the Pascaline.

When this was done, we started discussing the assigned reading about the Jacquard Loom. The weaving was operated by punch cards which set the pattern. The most important aspect of the Jacquard Loom is that it sped up weaving and it can replicate works. It eliminated the need of a “draw boy.” Modern versions weave airbags and replacement valves for blood vessels in a sterile environment. It is now fully computerized. This is a video of the Jacquard Loom: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSjmFD6Q7hw.

Class Summary 9/26: Computing and History We Care About

On Monday, we went over the course syllabus and began to talk about computing. In the syllabus, we highlighted the objectives, schedule, assignments, and grading. Specifics readings are listed on the course website and should be completed before the due date, as these are essential to the class discussion. In addition, to readings there are specific assignments. These should be submitted electronically before the class in which they are due as a pdf via email to the instructor, Kiri Wagstaff. If anyone has trouble creating or cannot create a pdf, please let the instructor know. It is also recommended to post them to the class website so that everyone can see your ideas and viewpoint, but this is not required. The first assignment is due October 3rd. If you happen to lose your schedule, it is downloadable on the Syllabus and Schedule page.

After discussing the syllabus, we discussed computers that we encounter on a regular basis. Examples included GPS, video gaming consoles, cell phones, calculators, laptops, desktops, lights, slide rule, abacus, etc. From this stemmed the question of what differentiates a computer and a calculator. An explanation given in class consisted of the following:

  • A computer can store programs. These programs can be brought up later and accessed.
  • A calculator has to be told each time to do a computation. It doesn’t store programs and instead has to be accessed each time.

However, during class it was noted that this is a very simple explanation and it will be covered more in depth later.

A little video was shown in class, which briefly covered the History of Computers: Computer History in 90 Seconds.

photo credit: http://711tech.com/?p=23

Also the abacus and napier’s rod were discussed. The abacus is a calculating tool that consists of two sections of rows of beads. In the top row, the beads represent the number 5, whereas the bottom represents the number 1.  Those that touch the middle bar are counted. If mastered, the abacus can greatly help in calculations. As seen in a video of Chinese school children using the abacus: Amazing Abacus Math Video.

Some background for napier’s rod was talked about during class, such as the logarithmic tables. For which numbers were converted to exponentials. This would make multiplication and division easier, since the exponents would just need to be added or subtracted.

From the Commodore Plus/4 to JPL

My first computer was a Commodore Plus/4 that my mom purchased at an auction. None of us really knew what its capabilities might be, but I was dying to play with a computer after having read so much about them in science fiction stories.

It was the summer before I entered 7th grade, and I happily buried myself in the BASIC manual that came with it, and soon was tinkering around with really simple programs, illuminated by the glow of the green and amber monitor.  Although the “Plus 4” in the computer’s name refers to the built-in programs it came with (word processor, spreadsheet, database, and graphing), I barely remember trying these out.  I wanted to control the computer myself.

Then I discovered games. My sister and I spent hours playing Bruce Lee, and then I’d spend even more hours exploring my way through Infocom’s interactive fiction. I adored the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy and spent hours working through it while recovering from having my wisdom teeth extracted.

Computers have played a role in my life ever since. They’ve helped me get into and out trouble, meet new friends, and stay in touch with old ones. I was irresistibly drawn to Computer Science since those early experiences, and my choice of major was never in doubt. Computers led me to grad school and then to NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where I learned about computers designed for operation in space (among other things). Without that early influence, how might my career be different? I think I would have chosen some field from science (geology or astronomy) or engineering (mechanical or civic), but it’s hard to say. I like to organize information and understand how things work, and computer science brings the best of those together in one field.

Setting the stage

This course covers the origins and evolution of computing, beginning with early manual computation and going through today (when we even have computers on Mars!). It follows the series of innovations and discoveries that led to the modern computer, the Internet, the Web, and new computing devices such as tablet computers and smart phones. Along the way we will meet several luminaries of the field, including Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing, Claude Shannon, Grace Hopper, John von Neumann, and others. We will discuss the role of computers in issues such as privacy, communication, job automation, warfare, artificial intelligence, and more.  

Students registered for the class will be actively posting and discussing relevant topics here. Everyone else is also welcome to join in!

The first class meeting will be Monday, September 26. Stay tuned!